The following exposition on the prophecy of Daniel 8 parallely covers much of the same historical ground/sweep and theme/issues as the prophecy of Daniel 7 and also Daniel 2. So to get the proper background and foundation about properly interpreting Bible prophecy do first see/read this post for Dan 7 and this one for Dan 2.[1]1
Also, from the upcoming exegetical and Biblical (i.e. letting the Bible decode/interpret itself) exposition on/of Daniel 8, it will be self-evident&demonstrated that the popular preteristic interpreting & applicational claim that this prophecy was fulfilled by the ca. 2nd century B.C. actions of Antiochus Ephiphanes and the Maccabean Revolt actually, literally comes up way short...both Chronologically as well as Theologically/Biblically/Spiritually.[2]2
Just the fact that this preteristic view was originally crafted by the 3rd Century AD anti-Christianity sophist&philosopher Porphyry in his attempt to discredit the claim that the Bible had predictive prophecies should ring all kinds of alarm bells in Christian. For a discussion about how that overall “historical critical” claim against the presence of predictive prophecy in the Book of Daniel, (with the claim being that “the book of Daniel was not written in the 6th century B.C., nor by Daniel, but in the 2nd Century B.C., and by someone else, who moreover was not familiar with Sixth Century B.C. history), see the introductory material (such as this presentation) provided at the beginning of the Daniel 2 prophecy. The pertinent, supposed “gross error”, issue of “Darius the Mede” (Dan 6:28; 9:1) is resolved in this chapter on the prophecy of Daniel 9.
Relatedly, the alternative claim by Christians who have the unBiblical Dispensationalist-Futurists view, and therefore they claim that the “Little Horn” portion of this prophecy applies, -(as is their claim for the similar symbol in Daniel 7), to a still future antiChrist is also disproven in this exposition...Indeed the coming “antiChrist” manifestation that they are expecting from their interpretation of this prophecy is actually not the one that this prophecy is Biblically identifying (i.e. at Dan 8:23-25ff) ...More on that issue later when it comes up...